By : Buhler

 World Cereal Production

 Production in millionton per grain variety
No.
Grain variety
1994-1995
1999-2000
2003-2004
1.
Maize
569.5
590.8
705.3
2.
Rize
534.7
598.4
608.5
3.
Wheat
495.6
576.3
586.5
4.
Barley
160.8
131.9
155.1
5.
Sorghum
6010.9
58.5
60.2
6.
Durum
30.6
34.1
37.6
7.
Millet
25.9
27.2
27.7
8.
Oats
33.7
25.9
26.9
9.
Rye
22.5
19.9
19.5
10.
Triticale
11.4
9.4
13.7
11.
MIxes
8.7
6.2
7.3
Total
1954.3
2078.6
2249.3

Maize

They were domesticated in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America). Maize development is thought to have started from 7,500 t0 12,000 years ago. Maize then was brought to North America. The US is still the biggest producer of Maize, with almost half of the world harvest. Maize was brought to Europe during the exploration of the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries. Used mainly as feed, Maize has the highest harvest volume worldwide with over 600 Mio. Tons.



 Maize Biggest Producers :

Top 12 Producers [2005]

No.
Country
Total
(mio. tons)
1.
USA
280
2.
China
133
3.
Brazil
35
4.
Mexico
20
5.
Argentina
19
6.
India
15
7.
France
13
8.
Indonesia
12
9.
South Africa
12
10.
Italy
11
11.
Romania
9.9
12.
Hungary
9.0

Source : http://www.geohive.com/global/geo.php?xml=ag_barley&xsl=ag

Maize (Corn) : Usage for Human consumption
  • Corn Starch
  • Corn flakes
  • Sweet Corn (Salds/Vegetables)
  • Oil from maize germ
  • Corn Soup
  • Mais Semolina (Polenta ; Famous in Italy)
Rice

Rice is one of the world's most consumed grains, representing around half of the human population's dietary intake. In the region around the eastern Indian Ocean, rice farming is said to have begun around 6,500 years ago. Africa and Asia were the main farming areas. Rice production volume is comparable to that of wheat, and it can be classified as either number 2 or 3 based on the year of harvest. World production of paddy rice rose substantially throughout the decades from approximately 200 million tons in 1960 to 600 million tons in 2004.

Rice Biggest Producers

 Top 12 Producers [2005]
No.
Country
Total
(mio. tons)
1.
China
185
2.
India
129
3.
Indonesia
54
4.
Bangladesh
40
5.
Vietnam
36
6.
Thailand
27
7.
Myanmar
25
8.
Philippines
15
9.
Brazil
13
10.
Japan
11
11.
USA
10
12.
Pakistan
7.3
















Rice Usage for Human Consumption

  • The seeds of the rice plant (paddy) are first milled to remove the outer husks of the grain; this creates brown rice.
  • Pearling and polishing is removing the germ and the rest of the husk, called bran, creating white rice.
  • The processed rice is usually steamed of fried.
  • Other finished products are : 
          - Rice starch
          - Baverages (Sake, Rice milk, etc.)
          - Rice crackers, Snacks

Wheat

Without a doubt, wheat is the most important staple crop in the world, besides rice and maize. Cultivation began in Mesopotamia perhaps around 9000 years ago (today Iran, Irak, Syria). From Egypt, it went to Europe. The production of wheat is comparable to rice production, with wheat production ranging between 600 and 700 million tons. The gluten protein level in wheat is the single factor that stops the bread from being worked into other grains.


 Wheat Biggest Producers 

 Top 12 Producers [2005]
No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
China
96
2.
India
72
3.
USA
57
4.
Russia
48
5.
France
37
6.
Canada
25
7.
Australia
24
8.
Germany
24
9.
Pakistan
22
10.
Turkey
21
11.
Ukraine
19
12.
Argentina
16
















Source : http://www.geohive.com/global/geo.php?xml=ag_wheat&xsl=ag


Wheat Usage for Human Consumption
  • Mainly Flour (For Bread, For Noodles, For Confectionary)
  • Semolina
  • Puffed Wheat
  • Cereals

Barley

Barley is an important staple meal for both humans and animals. The Cultivation process started in Mesopotamia about 2000 BC. The number of kernel rows in the head can be used to partition barley. Two-row barley, four-row barley, and six-row barley have all been farmed. Wild barley has two rows, as does the first two-row barley.

In contrast to six-row barley, two-row barley has a lower protein level but a higher enzyme content. For animal feed or malt that has important adjunct content, we recommend high protein barley. Two-row barley is better suitable for malts containing no adjuncts. Four-row (also known as staggered growth) is unacceptable for brewing.



Barley Biggest producers

Top 12 Producers [2005]

No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
Russia
15.8
2.
Canada
12.1
3.
Germany
11.7
4.
France
10.4
5.
Ukraine
9.0
6.
Turkey
9.0
7.
Australia
6.6
8.
UK
5.5
9.
USA
4.6
10.
Spain
4.4
11.
Denmark
3.7
12.
Poland
3.5















Source : http://www.geohive.com/global/geo.php?xml=ag_barley&xsl=ag

Barley Usage for Human Consumption
  • Beer
  • Malt Whiskey
  • Barley Flakes/ Cereals

Sorghum

Sorghum is a tropical cereal grass that is farmed (like rice and Maize). An important cereal crop was first cultivated in Africa and is now the world's fifth-most widely cultivated cereal crop. Sorghum grains are almost identical to Maize in their overall structure. They have greasy endosperm with a little germ, respectively. Sorghum is about 75% starch, 12% protein, 5% Fibre, 4% Fat, and 4% minerals.

African sorghum production has expanded from 11.6 million tons to 21 million tons over the past quarter-century.


 Sorghum Biggest Producers :

 Top 12 Producers [2005]
No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
USA
9.8
2.
Nigeria
8.0
3.
India
8.0
4.
Mexico
6.3
5.
Sudan
4.3
6.
Argentina
2.9
7.
China
2.6
8.
Ethiopia
1.8
9.
Australia
1.7
10.
Brazil
1.5
11.
Burkina Faso
1.4
12.
Egypt
0.95















Source :http://www.syngentafoundation.com/pdf/sorghum_top_20_producers.pdf

Sorghum Usage for Human Consumption
  • Porridge
  • Bread
  • Pancakes
  • Dumplings
  • Couscous
  • Breakfast cereals (Puffed)
  • Beer
Durum

Durum comes from the Latin word durum, which means "hard." Durum is a popular pasta-making grain because of its toughness. In addition, durum wheat has a high protein content and a strong gluten structure, making it ideal for pasta and bread. Amber-coloured durum kernels stand out among the red wheat grains. Because durum wheat is unique, its endosperm is not creamy white but yellow; pasta with this flour takes on a bright yellow colour.


 Durum Biggest Producers

 Top 12 Producers [2003]
No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
Italy
4.2
2.
Canada
3.7
3.
Syria
2.8
4.
Turkey
2.3
5.
Spain
1.9
6.
France
1.6
7.
India
1.4
8.
Russia
1.2
9.
Mexico
1.1
10.
Morocco
1.0
11.
Algeria
0.9
12.
Greece
0.8















Source : http://www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2002/10/durum

Durum usage for human consumption
  • Pasta
  • Couscous
  • Bread

Millet

Millets are importance in Africa, Asia, China and Russia. Millets include :
  • Pearl (bulrush) millet
  • Finger millet
  • Prosso (golden millet) millet
  • Fox tail millet
  • Japanese millet
  • Teff millet
  • Koda (ditch millet)
  • Brown top millet
  • plus for other species of limited importance
Millet origins in Asia and Africa. Oldest found in China date back to 4500 BC. 

Millet Biggest Producers

Top 12 Producers [2005]

No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
India
9.00
2.
Nigeria
6.28
3.
China
2.10
4.
Niger
2.10
5.
Mali
0.97
6.
Burkina Faso
0.94
7.
Uganda
0.70
8.
Senegal
0.69
9.
Sudan
0.66
10.
Russia
0.46
11.
Ukraine
0.32
12.
Ethiopia
0.31















Source : http://www.syngentafoundation.com/pdf/millet_top_20_producers.pdf


Millet Usage for Human consumption
  • Estimated 20 mio. tons are used for Food purpose
  • 90% of human consumption in developing countries
  • Bread (Chapatti)
  • Porridge
Information : Teff Millet
Teff Millet has a high iron content - almost double of that of other food grains and calcium content almost 20 times more than other grains.

Oats

Oats were domesticated relatively late compared to other grains in Eurasia. Grapes are found in every climatic zone. Wheat, rye, and barley all have lower heat requirements in the summer and can tolerate rain better than these other grains. It is believed that eating oat bran helps lower "bad" cholesterol levels and may help minimize the risk of heart disease. According to the Center for Celiac Research, oats are also a safe grain for celiac disease (gluten intolerance).


Oats Biggest Producers :

Top 12 Producers [2005]

No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
Russia
4.57
2.
Canada
3.33
3.
USA
1.67
4.
Poland
1.31
5.
Finland
1.18
6.
Australia
1.12
7.
Germany
0.97
8.
China
0.80
9.
Belarus
0.76
10.
Sweden
0.75
11.
Ukraine
0.73
12.
Brazil
0.55















Source:http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.jspcommodity=75&lang=EN&year=2004

Oats Usage for Human Consumption
  • Oats Flakes
  • Oatmeal Bread 
  • Oatmeal Cookies
  • Oatmeal Porridge
  • Cereal bars
  • Cherrios
  • Baby Food
  • Soup
Rye

Rye (Secale cereale) is closely related to barley and wheat, which are members of the wheat group. The grain, primarily rye, is used to manufacture flour, feed livestock, distil some whiskeys, and produce vodka. Rye was not among the cereal grains in ancient times. But rye has been farmed in Central and Eastern Europe since the Middle Ages. As a result, it is one of the most widely-used grain types in that region.

Rye Biggest Producers

Top 12 Producers [2005]

No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
Russia
3.63
2.
Poland
3.36
3.
Germany
2.81
4.
Belarus
1.25
5.
Ukraine
1.19
6.
China
0.75
7.
Canada
0.37
8.
Turkey
0.26
9.
Czech Rep.
0.19
10.
USA
0.19
11.
Austria
0.16
12.
France
0.15
Source: http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.jsplang=EN&commodity=71&CommodityList=71&year=2004&yearLyst=2004

Rye Usage for Human Consumption
  • Dark, moist, heavy type of Bread
  • Made usually from Sour dough
  • Rye Whiskey
  • Most Vodkas
Triticale

Triticale is a man-made wheat-rye hybrid, the development of which was accomplished through sexual reproduction of wheat (Triticum) with rye (Lex) (Secale cereale). Because of their drought tolerance, spring triticale crops have the primary advantage over other spring cereal crops. Triticale, which is more significant in nutritional content, is also utilized in retail baking. Decreased milling yields and the increased nutritional value have no impact on the quality of retail baking using triticale.


Triticale Biggest Producers

Top 12 Producers [2005]

No.
Country
Total
(mio tons)
1.
Poland
3.75
2.
Germany
2.74
3.
France
1.78
4.
China
1.25
5.
Belarus
1.10
6.
Australia
0.62
7.
Hungary
0.57
8.
Czech Rep.
0.28
9.
Sweden
0.28
10.
Denmark
0.20
11.
Lithuania
0.20
12.
Austria
0.20












Source: http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.jsplang=EN&commodity=97&CommodityList=97&year=2004&yearLyst=2004 

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